Garden Pests | The Complete Garden Pest List With Images & How To Prevent

Slugs, beetles, bugs. Oh my! 

Gardening can be a magical experience filled with light, color, and fresh food. But what about the hidden realm of garden pests, those minuscule troublemakers with a penchant for turning our beloved blossoms into their personal buffets?

Today we are going to unravel the misadventures of these tiny terrors. From the audacious aphids to the conniving caterpillars, they’re like the bumbling villains of our backyard dramas. But fear not, fellow green thumbs, for we shall unveil their annoying antics, their insatiable appetites, and perhaps even a secret or two of how to get them away from your beautiful bounty. 

If bugs are not your thing and you still have a few questions, don’t forget to reach out to your Grow Pro at Gardenuity. They are here to help.

The Garden Pest List

• Slugs:
• Spider Mites:
• Caterpillar:
• Earwigs:
• Japanese Beetle:
• Whiteflies:
• Gastropods:
• Lady Bugs:
• Ants:
• Leafhopper:
• Bag Worm:
• Leaf Miner:
• Weevil Larvae:
• Cabbage White Caterpillars:
• Grasshopper:
• Corn Earworm:
• Tomato Hornworm:
• Sowbug & Pillbug:
• Mexican Bean Beetle:
• Potato Beetle:
• Flea Beetle:
• Cucumber Beetle:
• Armyworms:
• Cabbage Looper:
• Root Maggots:
• Psyllid:
• Snail:
• Squash Bug:
• Sowbug:
• Cutworm:
• Grub:
• Harlequin Bug:

Common Places for Garden Pests to Hide

Garden pests have a knack for finding clever hiding spots amidst our beloved plants. Let’s uncover their favorite haunts and expose their meddlesome ways. 

First, check beneath the sheltering foliage, where pests like aphids and spider mites take refuge, causing damage while remaining unseen. Delving into the soil reveals underground hideaways where cutworms and wireworms tunnel, munching on delicate roots. 

For a surprise encounter, inspect the blossoms where thrips and flower beetles often seek nectar, leaving their mark. Stems and branches can harbor slugs, snails, and scale insects, disguised amidst the greenery. Keep an eye on compost piles, attracting earwigs and pill bugs, while furry culprits like rabbits and squirrels may venture into the garden. With knowledge, you can outsmart these elusive pests and restore harmony to your cherished plants. 

The Complete List of Garden Pests

Slugs:

A slug is a type of gastropod mollusk that belongs to the class Gastropoda. They are soft-bodied creatures with a slimy, elongated body. Slugs have no visible shell or a greatly reduced shell, which sets them apart from their close relatives, snails.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Slugs are usually brown or gray in color, although some species may have more vibrant hues. They have a muscular foot that they use for locomotion. Their bodies are elongated and tapered at both ends, with a pair of sensory tentacles on their head.
• Size: The size of slugs can vary depending on the species, but most commonly, they range from a few centimeters up to 20 centimeters in length.
• Slime: Slugs produce thick, slimy mucus that helps them move smoothly over surfaces and provides protection against desiccation.

Plant Signs:

• Holes in leaves: Slugs feed on plants by consuming leaves, leaving irregular holes or chewed edges behind.
• Silvery slime trails: Slugs secrete a mucus trail as they move, which leaves behind shiny, silvery trails on plants and the ground.

Favorite Plants:

• Hostas
• Lettuce
• Cabbage
• Basil
• Marigolds
• Dahlias

How To Prevent:

• Physical barriers: Creating physical barriers can help protect your plants from slugs. This can be achieved by using copper tape or placing a barrier of coarse materials, such as crushed eggshells or diatomaceous earth, around susceptible plants. Slugs are discouraged by these rough surfaces.
• Raised beds and containers: Planting in raised beds or containers can make it more difficult for slugs to reach your plants, as they have to climb up the sides. Additionally, you can create a barrier by placing copper strips around the edges of raised beds or containers.
• Remove hiding places: Slugs seek out dark, damp areas during the day. Removing potential hiding places such as debris, boards, or dense vegetation can reduce slug populations in your garden.
• Natural predators: Encouraging natural predators of slugs, such as birds, frogs, toads, and ground beetles, can help control their populations. Providing bird feeders or constructing a small pond can attract these beneficial creatures to your garden.
• Beer traps: Burying containers filled with beer in the ground can be an effective method to trap and drown slugs. They are attracted to the scent of the beer and will crawl into the container, unable to escape.
• Organic slug baits: There are organic slug baits available on the market that are safe to use around plants and pets. These baits contain iron phosphate, which is harmless to animals and breaks down into nutrients for the soil.

Spider Mites:

Spider mites are tiny pests that belong to the family Tetranychidae. They are not insects but rather arachnids, closely related to spiders and ticks. These pests are known for their ability to infest a wide range of plants and cause damage by feeding on plant tissues.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Spider mites are extremely small, measuring about 0.5 mm long. They have oval-shaped bodies and are usually pale or translucent in color. Under a magnifying lens, you may be able to see their two pairs of legs, which gives them a spider-like appearance.
• Webbing: Spider mites are known for producing fine silk webbing on infested plants. These webs serve as a protective shelter and can be seen between leaves, branches, and buds.

Plant Signs:

• Yellow stippling: Spider mites feed on plant cells by puncturing them and sucking out the contents. This feeding damage appears as tiny yellow or white spots on the leaves, known as stippling. As the infestation progresses, the leaves may turn yellow, wilt, or dry out.
• Fine webbing: As mentioned earlier, spider mites create thin, silk webbing on plants. This webbing may be visible on the undersides of leaves, between branches, or in the leaf axils.
• Distorted growth: Severe infestations can cause stunted or distorted plant growth, along with leaf curling or twisting.

Favorite Plants:

• Houseplants: Spider mites commonly attack houseplants such as spider plants, ivy, palms, and orchids.
• Fruit trees: Apple, pear, citrus, and peach trees are susceptible to spider mite infestations.
• Garden vegetables: Spider mites can affect various vegetable crops, including tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and beans.

How To Prevent:

• Regular inspection: Monitor your plants regularly, especially the undersides of leaves, for any signs of spider mite infestation. Early detection allows for prompt action to prevent their spread.
• Proper watering: Spider mites thrive in dry conditions. Ensure your plants receive adequate moisture, but avoid overwatering, which can create favorable conditions for fungal diseases.
• Increase humidity: Spider mites prefer dry environments, so increasing humidity around your plants can deter their establishment. Mist the leaves with water or place a humidifier nearby, particularly during dry periods.
• Remove affected plant parts: At the first sign of spider mite infestation, prune and dispose of heavily infested leaves or branches. This can help prevent the pests from spreading further.
• Natural predators: Introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs, lacewings, or predatory mites that feed on spider mites. These natural predators can help keep the population in check.
• Neem oil or insecticidal soap: If the infestation persists, you can use organic insecticides like neem oil or insecticidal soap. These products help control spider mites by suffocating them or disrupting their feeding.

Caterpillar:

Caterpillars are the larval stage of butterflies and moths. They are known for their elongated bodies and soft appearance. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Caterpillars come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, depending on the species. Generally, they have cylindrical bodies with multiple segments. They have six true legs near the front of their body, and some species also have additional fleshy, false legs called prolegs along the length of their body.
• Body patterns: Caterpillars may have distinct patterns, such as stripes, spots, or camouflage colors, which help them blend into their environment and provide protection.
• Antennae: Caterpillars have small antennae on their head that they use to sense their surroundings.

Plant Signs:

• Chewed leaves: Caterpillars are voracious feeders and can quickly defoliate plants. Look for irregularly shaped holes or portions of leaves that have been entirely consumed.
• Skeletonized leaves: Some caterpillars prefer to eat the soft tissues between leaf veins, leaving behind a network of veins and a “skeletonized” appearance.
• Frass: Caterpillars excrete waste known as frass, which often accumulates near their feeding sites. It looks like small, black, or green droppings and can help indicate the presence of caterpillars.

Favorite Plants:

• Monarch butterfly caterpillars favor milkweed plants.
• Swallowtail butterfly caterpillars often feed on plants like parsley, dill, and fennel.
• Tent caterpillars commonly infest fruit trees, such as apples, cherries, and plums.

How To Prevent:

• Physical barriers: Use physical barriers such as netting or row covers to prevent adult butterflies or moths from laying eggs on your plants. This can help reduce the chances of caterpillar infestations.
• Handpicking: Inspect your plants regularly and manually remove any caterpillars you find. Drop them into a bucket of soapy water or relocate them away from your garden.
• Attract natural predators: Encourage natural predators of caterpillars, such as birds, beneficial insects (e.g., ladybugs, lacewings), and parasitic wasps, to inhabit your garden. Providing bird feeders, birdhouses, and diverse plantings can attract these beneficial creatures.
• Companion planting: Planting certain species of plants that repel or deter caterpillars can be helpful. For example, marigolds, garlic, and onions are known to have deterrent effects on some caterpillar species.
• Biological controls: Some caterpillar infestations can be managed with biological controls, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a naturally occurring soil bacterium that targets specific caterpillar species. It is available in the form of organic insecticides.
• Maintain plant health: Strong and healthy plants are more resistant to caterpillar damage. Provide appropriate watering, fertilization, and overall care to keep your plants in optimal condition.

Earwigs:

Earwigs are small nocturnal insects that belong to the order Dermaptera. They are known for their elongated bodies, forceps-like pincers (cerci) at the end of their abdomen, and membranous wings folded underneath short forewings. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Earwigs typically measure about 1 to 2 centimeters in length. They have dark brown or reddish-brown bodies with a flattened shape. The pincers at the end of their abdomen are used for defense and capturing prey.
• Wing characteristics: Earwigs have wings, but not all species can fly. Some have fully developed wings and can fly, while others have reduced or wingless wings.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf damage: Earwigs feed on decaying plant matter and are typically considered scavengers. However, they may also cause damage to plants, particularly on tender leaves and flowers. Look for irregularly chewed edges or holes in leaves.
• Flower and fruit damage: Earwigs are attracted to the soft, sweet parts of flowers and fruits. They may consume petals, nibble on flower buds, or leave irregular holes in the fruit.
• Shredded foliage: In some cases, earwigs may cause more noticeable damage by shredding foliage, especially on plants like hostas or seedlings.

Favorite Plants:

• Vegetables: Earwigs may feed on vegetables like lettuce, cabbage, carrots, and corn.
• Flowers: They are attracted to flowers such as dahlias, marigolds, zinnias, and roses.
• Fruits: Soft fruits like strawberries and apricots can also be susceptible to earwig damage.

How To Prevent:

• Remove hiding places: Earwigs seek out dark, moist hiding places during the day. Reduce their shelter options by removing debris, boards, mulch, or vegetation that can provide hiding spots near your plants.
• Trap and remove: Set up traps near vulnerable plants to capture and remove earwigs. You can use rolled-up newspaper, cardboard tubes, or small containers filled with oil or soapy water. Place the traps in the garden in the evening and check them in the morning to discard the captured earwigs.
• Raised beds and containers: Planting in raised beds or containers can make it more difficult for earwigs to reach your plants. You can create a barrier by placing copper strips around the edges of raised beds or containers, as copper repels earwigs.
• Diatomaceous earth: Sprinkling food-grade diatomaceous earth around the base of plants can deter earwigs. This natural powder contains microscopic particles that have sharp edges, which dehydrate and kill the insects upon contact.
• Natural predators: Encourage natural predators of earwigs, such as birds, toads, and ground beetles, to inhabit your garden. Provide birdhouses, birdbaths, and suitable habitats to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Chemical controls: If infestations persist and other methods are ineffective, you can use insecticides labeled for earwig control. Follow the instructions on the product carefully and use them as a last resort, preferably choosing safe products for beneficial insects.

Japanese Beetle:

Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) are invasive pests that can cause significant damage to a variety of plants.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Japanese beetles are about 1.2 centimeters long and have a distinct metallic green body with copper-colored wings. They have six legs and two sets of wings.
• Identification: One key characteristic of Japanese beetles is their tufts of white hairs along the sides and rear end of their bodies.

Plant Signs:

• Skeletonized leaves: Japanese beetles feed on the leaf tissue between the veins, leaving a characteristic “skeletonized” appearance. They eat the leaf tissue, leaving behind the veins, giving the affected leaves a lacy or chewed appearance.
• Defoliation: Heavy infestations of Japanese beetles can lead to severe defoliation of plants, where they consume large portions of the leaves, flowers, and fruits.
• Feeding in groups: Japanese beetles tend to congregate and feed together on plants so that you may see multiple beetles on a single plant simultaneously.

Favorite Plants:

• Roses
• Grapes
• Linden trees
• Fruit trees (such as apples, cherries, and peaches)
• Hibiscus
• Cannas
• Virginia creeper

How To Prevent:

• Handpicking: If you notice Japanese beetles on your plants, you can manually remove them by gently shaking them to dislodge them into a bucket of soapy water. This helps to reduce their numbers and minimize damage.
• Trap bags: Japanese beetle traps can be effective in capturing adult beetles, but they should be used with caution. Place the traps away from your garden to attract beetles away from your plants, as the scent can actually attract more beetles to your garden if the traps are placed nearby.
• Protective covers: Covering vulnerable plants with floating row covers or fine mesh netting can prevent Japanese beetles from reaching and feeding on them.
• Plant selection: Avoid planting Japanese beetle favorites near susceptible plants. While they may still be attracted to your garden, minimizing their preferred food sources can help reduce the overall damage.
• Companion planting: Some plants, such as garlic, chives, tansy, and catnip, are known to repel Japanese beetles. Consider interplanting these repellent plants among susceptible ones to provide some protection.
• Natural predators: Encourage natural predators of Japanese beetles, such as birds, toads, and parasitic wasps, to inhabit your garden. Providing bird feeders, birdhouses, and suitable habitats can attract these beneficial creatures.
• Chemical controls: In severe infestations, you may consider using insecticides labeled for Japanese beetles. Follow the instructions carefully, and consider using products that are less harmful to beneficial insects. It’s important to note that insecticides should be used as a last resort and applied during the appropriate times based on the life cycle of the beetles.

Whiteflies:

Whiteflies are small, sap-sucking insects that belong to the Aleyrodidae family. They are known for their white, powdery wings, which give them their name.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Adult whiteflies are tiny, about 1 to 2 millimeters long. They have white or pale yellow wings and a small, moth-like body. When disturbed, they fly in a characteristic zigzag pattern.
• Life stages: Whiteflies have four life stages: eggs, nymphs, pupae, and adults. The nymphs and pupae are usually pale or transparent and found on the undersides of leaves.

Plant Signs:

• Yellowing leaves: Whiteflies extract sap from plants, causing them to weaken and leaves to turn yellow or appear stippled.
• Sticky honeydew: Whiteflies excrete a sugary substance called honeydew. If you notice a sticky residue on leaves or a black, sooty mold on plant surfaces, it may indicate a whitefly infestation.
• Whitefly adults: When disturbed, adult whiteflies may flutter and fly around the plants, particularly when the foliage is disturbed or shaken.

Favorite Plants:

• Tomato plants
• Cabbage and other brassicas
• Citrus trees
• Poinsettias
• Hibiscus
• Geraniums

How To Prevent:

• Monitor regularly: Regularly inspect the undersides of leaves for whiteflies, especially in warm weather conditions when their populations tend to increase rapidly. Early detection allows for prompt action to prevent infestations from spreading.
• Reflective mulch: Place reflective mulch around susceptible plants to confuse and deter whiteflies. The reflective surface may disorient them and make it more difficult for them to locate suitable host plants.
• Strong water spray: Use a strong stream of water from a hose to dislodge whiteflies from infested plants. Direct the water spray at the undersides of leaves to remove eggs, nymphs, and adults.
• Yellow sticky traps: Hang yellow sticky traps near infested plants to attract and trap adult whiteflies. The bright yellow color attracts them, and they become stuck to the sticky surface.
• Introduce beneficial insects: Encourage natural predators of whiteflies, such as ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps, to inhabit your garden. These predators can help control whitefly populations. You can attract them by planting nectar-rich flowers and avoiding the use of broad-spectrum insecticides.
• Neem oil or insecticidal soap: If infestations persist, you can use organic insecticides like neem oil or insecticidal soap. These products can effectively control whiteflies by suffocating them or disrupting their feeding. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application.
• Remove heavily infested plants: If a plant is heavily infested with whiteflies and the infestation spreads to nearby plants, consider removing the heavily infested plant to prevent the infestation from spreading further.

Gastropods:

Gastropods are a class of mollusks that includes snails and slugs. They have soft bodies and usually a coiled shell, although some species may have a reduced or absent shell. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Gastropods come in various shapes, sizes, and colors. They have a muscular foot that they use for locomotion. Snails have a coiled shell on their back, while slugs lack a visible shell.
• Slime: Both snails and slugs produce a thick, slimy mucus that helps them move smoothly over surfaces and protects against desiccation.

Plant Signs:

• Chewing damage: Snails and slugs are herbivorous and feed on plant tissues. Look for irregularly shaped holes or chewed edges on leaves as they consume plant material.
• Silvery slime trails: Slugs and some snails leave behind shiny, silvery trails of mucus on plants and the ground as they move.

Favorite Plants:

• Hostas
• Lettuce
• Cabbage
• Basil
• Marigolds
• Dahlias

How To Prevent:

• Physical barriers: Creating physical barriers can help protect your plants from gastropods. This can be achieved by using copper tape or placing a barrier of coarse materials, such as crushed eggshells or diatomaceous earth, around susceptible plants. Gastropods are discouraged by these rough surfaces.
• Raised beds and containers: Planting in raised beds or containers can make it more difficult for gastropods to reach your plants, as they have to climb up the sides. Additionally, you can create a barrier by placing copper strips around the edges of raised beds or containers.
• Remove hiding places: Gastropods seek out dark, damp areas during the day. Removing potential hiding places such as debris, boards, or dense vegetation can reduce their populations in your garden.
• Natural predators: Encouraging natural predators of gastropods, such as birds, frogs, toads, and ground beetles, can help control their populations. Providing bird feeders or constructing a small pond can attract these beneficial creatures to your garden.
• Beer traps: Burying containers filled with beer in the ground can be an effective method to trap and drown gastropods. They are attracted to the scent of the beer and will crawl into the container, unable to escape.
• Organic gastropod baits: There are organic gastropod baits available on the market that are safe to use around plants and pets. These baits contain iron phosphate, which is harmless to animals and breaks down into nutrients for the soil.

Lady Bugs:

Ladybugs, also known as ladybirds or lady beetles, are small beetles that belong to the Coccinellidae family. They are well-known for their brightly colored bodies with distinctive spots. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Ladybugs vary in size, shape, and color depending on the species. They typically have a rounded or oval-shaped body with a hard outer shell (elytra). The most common colors are red or orange with black spots, but some species may have different color patterns or no spots at all.
• Spot patterns: The spot patterns on ladybugs can vary greatly. Some have distinct black spots on a red or orange background, while others may have spots that are less defined or even absent.

Plant Signs:

• Reduced pest populations: Ladybugs are beneficial insects known for their voracious appetite for plant pests, particularly aphids. If you notice a decline in pest populations, such as aphids or other small insects, it may indicate that ladybugs are present and feeding on them.
• Plant damage: Ladybugs themselves are not considered plant pests. However, in rare cases, if large populations of ladybugs are present and food sources become scarce, they may nibble on plant leaves or flowers. However, this is uncommon and generally not a cause for concern.

Favorite Plants:

• Sunflowers
• Dill
• Fennel
• Yarrow
• Marigolds
• Cosmos

How To Prevent:

• Plant a diverse garden: Ladybugs are attracted to diverse gardens with a variety of flowering plants. Incorporate different types of flowers that bloom at different times throughout the growing season to provide a continuous food source for ladybugs.
• Avoid pesticide use: Ladybugs are highly sensitive to pesticides, including broad-spectrum insecticides. Minimize or avoid using chemical pesticides in your garden to protect ladybugs and other beneficial insects.
• Provide shelter: Ladybugs need shelter during the winter months. Leave some plant debris or create small piles of twigs and leaves to provide overwintering sites for ladybugs.
• Water source: Ladybugs require water to survive. Provide a shallow dish with water or create small puddles in your garden to serve as a water source for ladybugs.
• Release ladybugs: If you have a severe pest problem, you can consider purchasing ladybugs from reputable sources and releasing them in your garden. However, it’s important to note that released ladybugs may not stay in your garden and could disperse to other areas.

Ants:

Ants are social insects that belong to the family Formicidae. They have a distinct body structure, consisting of a head, thorax, and abdomen. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Ants have a segmented body with three distinct sections. They have six legs and two antennae. The appearance of ants can vary depending on the species, but most commonly, they are black, brown, or reddish-brown in color.
• Size: Ants vary in size, with worker ants typically being smaller than the reproductive individuals (queens and males). Worker ants can range from a few millimeters to about a centimeter in length.

Plant Signs:

• Ant trails: Ants often form well-defined trails, especially when foraging for food. These trails can be seen as lines of moving ants on the ground or along plant stems.
• Nesting sites: Ants may establish nests in the soil, under rocks, in tree cavities, or even in the structure of buildings. Look for signs of disturbed soil or small mounds near plant bases.
• Aphid farming: Some ant species have a mutualistic relationship with aphids. They protect aphids and “farm” them for their honeydew, a sugary substance excreted by aphids. Look for aphid infestations on plants, which may indicate the presence of ants.

Favorite Plants:

• Peony
• Peppers
• Citrus trees
• Roses
• Milkweed
• Sunflowers

How To Prevent:

• Remove food sources: Clean up spills, crumbs, and fallen fruits around your garden to eliminate potential food sources that attract ants. Store food in sealed containers to prevent access.
• Seal entry points: Ants can enter buildings or gardens through tiny cracks and openings. Seal any entry points by caulking gaps in windows, doors, and walls to prevent ants from gaining access.
• Remove nesting sites: Regularly inspect your garden for potential nesting sites, such as decaying wood, rocks, or dense vegetation. Remove or relocate these items away from your plants to discourage ant nesting.
• Natural deterrents: Some natural substances can deter ants. Sprinkling substances like cinnamon, coffee grounds, citrus peels, or mint leaves near ant entry points or around plants may help deter their activity.
• Sticky barriers: Apply sticky barriers, such as sticky tapes or barriers with adhesive properties, around plant stems or pots to prevent ants from climbing up.
• Boric acid baits: If you have persistent ant problems, you can use boric acid-based ant baits. These baits are toxic to ants but can be carried back to the nest, effectively controlling the colony. Follow the instructions on the product carefully and keep baits away from children and pets.
• Professional assistance: In severe cases or if ants are causing damage or infesting structures, consider seeking professional pest control services to identify and eliminate ant colonies effectively.

Leafhopper:

Leafhoppers are small, winged insects belonging to the family Cicadellidae. They are known for their ability to quickly move and jump from plant to plant. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Leafhoppers vary in size, color, and shape, but most have a slender body with elongated wings. They can be green, brown, yellow, or a combination of these colors. Some leafhoppers have intricate patterns or markings on their wings.
• Movement: Leafhoppers are agile insects and can quickly move or jump when disturbed. Their hind legs are well-developed, allowing them to propel themselves off plant surfaces.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf discoloration: Leafhoppers use their piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract sap from plant tissues. This feeding can cause discoloration on leaves, often appearing as yellow or white spots.
• Stippling or mottling: Leafhoppers feed by puncturing the leaf surface and removing sap, which can result in tiny, pale dots or speckles on the affected leaves. This stippling or mottling can give leaves a stippled appearance.
• Leaf curling or distortion: In some cases, leafhopper feeding can lead to leaf curling or distortion. The affected leaves may appear crinkled or deformed.

Favorite Plants:

• Roses
• Beans
• Grapes
• Potatoes
• Citrus trees
• Ornamental plants like dogwoods and azaleas

How To Prevent:

• Monitor regularly: Regularly inspect your plants for signs of leafhopper activity, such as stippling, leaf discoloration, or curling. Early detection allows for prompt action to prevent infestations from spreading.
• Water management: Leafhoppers are more active during dry conditions. Adequate watering and maintaining proper moisture levels in your garden can help minimize leafhopper populations.
• Reflective mulch: Placing reflective mulch around susceptible plants can deter leafhoppers. The reflective surface may disorient them and make it more difficult for them to locate host plants.
• Beneficial insects: Encourage natural predators of leafhoppers, such as ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps, to inhabit your garden. These predators can help control leafhopper populations. Planting nectar-rich flowers and avoiding the use of broad-spectrum insecticides can attract and protect these beneficial insects.
• Row covers: Covering vulnerable plants with floating row covers or fine mesh netting can physically exclude leafhoppers from accessing and damaging plants.
• Insecticidal soaps or oils: If infestations become severe, you can use insecticidal soaps or oils labeled for leafhopper control. These products work by suffocating and disrupting the feeding of leafhoppers. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application.
• Remove and destroy infested plants: If a plant is heavily infested with leafhoppers and the infestation spreads to nearby plants, consider removing the heavily infested plant to prevent the infestation from spreading further.

Bag Worm:

Bagworms are pests that belong to the family Psychidae. They are known for their unique life cycle and the distinctive bags they construct for protection. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Bagworms go through several stages of development. In their larval stage, they are caterpillar-like and have soft, elongated bodies covered in spines or hairs. They use silk and plant material to construct a protective bag or case around their bodies. As they mature, the bags become more durable and camouflaged with pieces of foliage or bark.
• Male and female differences: Male bagworms transform into moth-like insects with wings and a wingspan of about 1 inch. They have black bodies and transparent wings. Female bagworms, on the other hand, remain inside their bags and never develop wings.

Plant Signs:

• Bags on plants: Bagworms construct protective bags around themselves using silk and pieces of leaves, twigs, or other plant material. These bags are often attached to branches, trunks, or foliage of host plants and can vary in size and appearance depending on the stage of development.
• Defoliation: Bagworms are voracious eaters and can cause significant damage by feeding on the foliage of their host plants. Look for extensive defoliation or thinning of leaves in affected areas.

Favorite Plants:

• Evergreen trees: Arborvitae, juniper, cedar, pine, and spruce are particularly susceptible to bagworm infestations.
• Deciduous trees: Bagworms can also target deciduous trees such as maple, oak, sycamore, and willow.
• Ornamental shrubs: Plants like boxwood, azalea, rose, and holly can be vulnerable to bagworm damage.

How To Prevent:

• Handpicking: If you spot bagworms on your plants, manually remove them by handpicking the bags and destroying them. This is most effective in the winter or early spring when the bags are more noticeable and before the larvae emerge.
• Pruning: During the winter months when bagworms are dormant, prune and destroy any bags you find on your plants. This can help remove existing populations and prevent further infestation.
• Natural predators: Encourage natural predators of bagworms, such as birds, parasitic wasps, and predatory insects, to inhabit your garden. Providing bird feeders, birdhouses, and diverse plantings can attract these beneficial creatures.
• Insecticidal sprays: If infestations are severe or handpicking is not feasible, you can use insecticides labeled for bagworm control. These are typically applied as sprays during the appropriate times based on the bagworm life cycle. Follow the instructions on the product carefully and use them as a last resort.
• Inspect new plant additions: Before adding new plants to your garden, carefully inspect them for signs of bagworm infestations. Avoid bringing in infested plants to prevent the spread of bagworms.

Leaf Miner:

Leaf miners are the larvae of various types of insects, including flies, moths, and beetles. They are named for their habit of tunneling within the leaves of plants, feeding on the plant tissues. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Leaf miners are small, maggot-like larvae with elongated bodies. They vary in color depending on the species, but they are usually pale or yellowish. Adult leaf miner insects, such as flies or moths, have distinct appearances and can vary greatly between species.
• Behavior: Leaf miners tunnel through the leaf tissue, creating winding mines or tunnels within the leaf. They feed on the plant cells and can cause damage to the leaf structure.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf mines: Leaf miners leave visible trails or mines within the leaf tissue. These trails can appear as winding, serpentine lines or irregularly shaped blotches on the leaf surface.
• Discolored or translucent patches: As leaf miners feed on the plant tissues, they cause discolored or translucent patches within the leaf. These patches may turn brown or appear as silvery or whitish areas.
• Leaf curling or distortion: In severe infestations, leaf miners can cause curling or distortion of the affected leaves, especially if the mines are concentrated in a particular area.

Favorite Plants:

• Vegetables: Spinach, chard, beets, and beans are commonly targeted by leaf miners.
• Ornamental plants: Flowers like mums, daisies, impatiens, and columbines are susceptible to leaf miner infestations.
• Citrus trees: Certain leaf miner species target citrus trees, causing damage to the leaves.

How To Prevent:

• Remove and destroy infested leaves: If you notice leaves with leaf miner activity, promptly remove and destroy them to prevent the spread of leaf miners to other parts of the plant or nearby plants.
• Monitor regularly: Regularly inspect your plants for signs of leaf miner activity, such as leaf mines or discolored patches. Early detection allows for prompt action and minimizes potential damage.
• Reflective mulch: Placing reflective mulch around susceptible plants can deter leaf miners. The reflective surface may disorient them and make it more difficult for them to locate host plants.
• Beneficial insects: Encourage natural predators of leaf miners, such as parasitic wasps, lacewings, and predatory beetles, to inhabit your garden. These beneficial insects can help control leaf miner populations. Planting diverse flowers and avoiding the use of broad-spectrum insecticides can attract and protect these beneficial insects.
• Row covers: Covering vulnerable plants with floating row covers or fine mesh netting can physically exclude leaf miners from accessing and damaging plants.
• Insecticidal sprays: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use insecticides labeled for leaf miner control. These products should be applied during the appropriate times based on the life cycle of the leaf miners. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application.

Weevil Larvae:

Weevil larvae are the immature stage of weevils, a group of beetles belonging to the Curculionoidea superfamily. They have distinct characteristics and behaviors. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Weevil larvae are typically legless and have soft, grub-like bodies. They vary in color, ranging from white to cream or yellowish-brown. The size and shape of weevil larvae can vary depending on the species.
• Head capsules: Weevil larvae have distinct head capsules with chewing mouthparts. These mouthparts are used for feeding on plant material.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf notching or chewing: Weevil larvae feed on various parts of plants, including leaves. Look for notches along leaf margins or irregular chewing damage caused by the larvae.
• Stem or root damage: Some weevil larvae bore into stems or roots, causing tunnels or galleries. This can weaken the plant and lead to wilting or stunted growth.
• Plant wilting or decline: In severe infestations, weevil larvae can cause significant damage, resulting in plant wilting, yellowing, or overall decline.

Favorite Plants:

• Fruit trees: Weevil larvae may target fruit trees such as apple, peach, plum, or pear.
• Vegetable crops: Certain weevil larvae species can infest vegetable crops like beans, peas, corn, or cabbage.
• Ornamental plants: Weevil larvae may feed on ornamental plants, including roses, azaleas, rhododendrons, or hibiscus.

How To Prevent:

• Remove plant debris: Clean up fallen leaves, plant debris, and weeds from around your garden. These materials can provide hiding places and breeding grounds for weevils and their larvae.
• Cultural practices: Implement good garden practices, such as proper irrigation and fertilization, to promote plant health. Healthy plants are less susceptible to weevil infestations.
• Handpicking: If you notice weevil larvae on your plants, manually remove them by handpicking or pruning affected plant parts. Destroy or dispose of the larvae away from your garden.
• Soil cultivation: Loosening the soil around plants can disrupt weevil larvae and expose them to natural predators or adverse conditions.
• Biological control: Introduce natural predators of weevil larvae, such as beneficial nematodes or certain parasitic wasps, to help control their populations. These biological control agents can be purchased from specialized suppliers.
• Insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use insecticides labeled for weevil control. Follow the instructions on the product label and apply the insecticides during the appropriate times based on the life cycle of the weevils.
• Barrier methods: Use physical barriers, such as floating row covers or fine mesh netting, to prevent adult weevils from laying eggs on susceptible plants.

Cabbage White Caterpillars:

Cabbage white caterpillars are the larvae of butterflies belonging to the Pieridae family, including the common cabbage white butterfly (Pieris rapae). They are known for their voracious appetite for cabbage-family plants.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Cabbage white caterpillars have a cylindrical body with a smooth texture. When fully grown, they can reach about 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) in length. They have a greenish color with a yellow stripe running along each side of their body. They also have several pairs of short, spiky projections along their backs.

Plant Signs:

• Chewed leaves: Cabbage white caterpillars feed on the leaves of cabbage-family plants, including cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. Look for leaves with irregular holes or extensive feeding damage caused by the caterpillars.
• Presence of eggs: Female cabbage white butterflies lay small, yellowish eggs on the undersides of plant leaves. These eggs are usually laid in clusters and can be an early indication of an impending caterpillar infestation.

Favorite Plants:

• Cabbage
• Kale
• Broccoli
• Cauliflower
• Brussels sprouts
• Mustard greens
• Radishes

How To Prevent:

• Inspect and remove eggs: Regularly inspect the undersides of plant leaves for cabbage white butterfly eggs. Squash or remove any eggs you find to prevent them from hatching into caterpillars.
• Handpicking: If you notice cabbage white caterpillars on your plants, you can manually remove them by handpicking and dropping them into a bucket of soapy water. This helps to reduce their numbers and minimize damage.
• Row covers: Covering vulnerable plants with floating row covers or fine mesh netting can physically exclude cabbage white butterflies from laying eggs on your plants. Ensure the covers are well-secured and properly installed to prevent adult butterflies from accessing the plants.
• Companion planting: Interplanting cabbage-family plants with strong-smelling herbs or flowers can help deter cabbage white butterflies. Plants like mint, thyme, rosemary, and marigolds can act as natural repellents.
• Natural predators: Encourage natural predators of cabbage white caterpillars, such as birds, ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps, to inhabit your garden. Providing bird feeders, birdhouses, and suitable habitats can attract these beneficial creatures.
• Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis): Bt is a natural bacterium that produces a toxin lethal to caterpillars but harmless to humans, pets, and beneficial insects. Apply Bt-based insecticides labeled for caterpillar control to target cabbage white caterpillars. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application.
• Crop rotation and good garden hygiene: Practice crop rotation by not planting cabbage-family plants in the same location each year. This helps to disrupt the life cycle of cabbage white butterflies and reduces the risk of caterpillar infestations. Additionally, maintain good garden hygiene by removing plant debris and weeds that could harbor overwintering pupae.

Grasshopper:

Grasshoppers are large, herbivorous insects belonging to the order Orthoptera. They are known for their ability to jump long distances and their distinctive appearance. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Grasshoppers have long, slender bodies with two pairs of wings. The hind legs are well-developed and designed for jumping. They have powerful mandibles for chewing plant material. Grasshoppers come in various colors, including green, brown, or a combination of these colors, which helps them camouflage in their environment.
• Size: Grasshoppers can vary in size, but they generally range from 2 to 7 centimeters in length.

Plant Signs:

• Chewing damage: Grasshoppers feed on plant foliage, and their feeding can result in irregularly shaped holes or large sections of leaves being consumed. They tend to prefer young, tender growth.
• Defoliation: If grasshopper populations are high or if there is limited food available, they can cause extensive defoliation, leaving plants almost completely stripped of leaves.
• Damage to stems and flowers: In addition to foliage, grasshoppers may also feed on plant stems and flowers, causing damage and reducing the overall health and aesthetics of the plant.

Favorite Plants:

• Grains and cereals: Grasshoppers are known to feed on crops like corn, wheat, oats, and barley.
• Legumes: They can target legume crops, including soybeans, lentils, and peas.
• Ornamental plants: Grasshoppers may feed on various ornamental plants, such as roses, lilies, and hollyhocks.

How To Prevent:

• Habitat modification: Reduce grasshopper populations by managing their habitat. Mow grass and weeds around garden areas to limit their hiding places and breeding sites.
• Physical barriers: Use physical barriers, such as floating row covers or netting, to protect vulnerable plants from grasshoppers. Ensure the barriers are properly installed and secure to prevent grasshoppers from accessing the plants.
• Companion planting: Interplanting repellent plants can help deter grasshoppers. Some plants that are believed to have repellent properties include marigolds, calendula, and cilantro. However, keep in mind that companion planting effectiveness may vary, and additional measures may be necessary.
• Removing weeds: Eliminate weeds around the garden and near crops to reduce food sources and potential breeding sites for grasshoppers.
• Natural predators: Encourage natural predators of grasshoppers, such as birds, frogs, toads, and predatory insects, to inhabit your garden. Provide bird feeders, birdhouses, and suitable habitats to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Insecticides: If grasshopper populations are overwhelming and causing severe damage, chemical insecticides labeled for grasshopper control can be used as a last resort. Follow the instructions on the product label and apply them according to recommended guidelines.
• Crop rotation: Rotate crops and plant different species in different years to disrupt grasshopper life cycles and reduce the buildup of populations.

Corn Earworm:

Corn earworms, also known as tomato fruit worms or cotton bollworms, are the larvae of a moth species called Helicoverpa zea. They are a common pest that affects various crops, including corn, tomatoes, and cotton.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Corn earworm larvae have a soft, cylindrical body that can grow up to 4 centimeters in length. They vary in color from pale green to brown or pink, often with dark stripes or spots along their body. They have a distinct head capsule and several pairs of prolegs on their abdomen.

Plant Signs:

• Feeding damage: Corn earworm larvae primarily feed on corn kernels, damaging the ears by chewing into the silk channels or entering the tips of the ears. They consume the developing kernels, resulting in shallow cavities or tunnels. In other crops like tomatoes, they may also feed on fruit, causing similar damage.
• Frass: Corn earworm larvae leave behind dark, pellet-like droppings called frass near the feeding sites, which can be an indication of their presence.
• Damaged silk: The presence of chewed or damaged silk on corn ears may indicate the entry of corn earworm larvae into the ears.

Favorite Plants:

• Corn (especially sweet corn)
• Tomatoes
• Cotton
• Beans
• Peppers
• Okra

How To Prevent:

• Timing of planting: Plant early-maturing varieties of corn to minimize exposure to corn earworm infestations. Early planting can help ensure the corn crop matures before the peak population of corn earworms.
• Remove and destroy infested ears: If you notice corn earworms in the ears, manually remove and destroy the infested ears to prevent further damage and reduce the population.
• Natural enemies: Encourage natural enemies of corn earworms, such as parasitic wasps, lacewings, and certain predatory insects, by providing habitat and avoiding the use of broad-spectrum insecticides. These beneficial insects can help control corn earworm populations.
• Bt corn: Consider planting Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn varieties. Bt corn has been genetically modified to produce a toxin that specifically targets and kills corn earworm larvae while being safe for humans and beneficial insects. Check with local regulations and consult seed suppliers for suitable Bt corn options.
• Pheromone traps: Deploy pheromone traps to monitor and capture adult male corn earworm moths. These traps can help indicate the presence and activity of the pests, allowing for timely interventions.
• Insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use insecticides labeled for corn earworm control. Apply the insecticides according to the recommended timing and follow the instructions on the product label.

Tomato Hornworm:

The tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) is a large, green caterpillar that is known for its voracious appetite and its tendency to feed on tomato plants and other related plants. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Tomato hornworms are large caterpillars that can grow up to 10 centimeters in length. They have a robust body covered in green coloration, making them blend in with the foliage of tomato plants. They have distinctive diagonal white stripes along their sides and a horn-like protrusion on their rear end.

Plant Signs:

• Defoliation: Tomato hornworms feed on the foliage of tomato plants, causing significant defoliation. Look for leaves that have been chewed or completely stripped from the plant.
• Frass: Tomato hornworms leave behind dark droppings, called frass, on the leaves and branches of the tomato plant. The presence of frass can indicate the presence of caterpillars.
• Damage to fruit: In addition to foliage, tomato hornworms may also feed on the fruit of tomato plants, leaving behind deep gouges or holes in the tomatoes.

Favorite Plants:

• Tomato plants
• Pepper plants
• Eggplant plants
• Potato plants
• Tobacco plants

How To Prevent:

• Handpicking: Regularly inspect your tomato plants for tomato hornworms. Since they blend in well with the foliage, look for chewed leaves, frass, or the presence of the caterpillars themselves. If you find them, manually remove them from the plants and destroy them. Be sure to check the undersides of leaves and the stem joints where the caterpillars often hide.
• Companion planting: Planting companion plants that repel or deter tomato hornworms can help prevent infestations. Some examples of companion plants include marigold, borage, and mint.
• Natural enemies: Encourage natural enemies of tomato hornworms, such as parasitic wasps, ladybugs, and predatory insects, to inhabit your garden. These beneficial insects can help control the populations of tomato hornworms. Avoid using broad-spectrum insecticides that may harm them.
• Crop rotation: Rotate your tomato plants each year to different locations in your garden. This can disrupt the life cycle of tomato hornworms and reduce the risk of recurring infestations.
• Floating row covers: Use floating row covers to physically prevent adult moths from laying eggs on your tomato plants. This can be particularly effective early in the growing season when tomato hornworm populations are lower.
• Organic insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use organic insecticides labeled for caterpillar control, such as those containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application.

Sowbug & Pillbug:

Sowbugs and pillbugs are small land-dwelling crustaceans commonly known as woodlice or roly-polies. While they are often referred to as bugs, they are not true insects but rather terrestrial crustaceans. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Sowbugs and pillbugs have oval-shaped bodies with a segmented exoskeleton. They have seven pairs of legs and two pairs of antennae. Sowbugs have smooth backs, while pillbugs have a more rounded appearance with the ability to roll into a ball for protection. Both sowbugs and pillbugs are typically dark gray or brown in color.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf and stem damage: Sowbugs and pillbugs feed on decaying plant material, including dead leaves, rotting vegetables, and tender plant shoots. Look for chewing damage on leaves, stems, or fruits, particularly near the ground level.
• Seedling damage: These crustaceans are attracted to seedlings, and their feeding can cause seedling death or stunted growth. Newly emerging shoots may be grazed or severed by their feeding.
• Moist habitats: Sowbugs and pillbugs require moisture to survive. They tend to thrive in damp, dark areas and are commonly found under mulch, rocks, or in organic matter.

Favorite Plants:

• Vegetables and fruits: Sowbugs and pillbugs may feed on vegetables such as lettuce, cabbage, kale, and strawberries.
• Herbaceous plants: They may also target herbaceous plants like hostas, impatiens, and marigolds, particularly if the plants are damaged or decaying.

How To Prevent:

• Remove debris and organic matter: Clear away any leaf litter, mulch, or decaying vegetation around your garden. By reducing their preferred hiding places, you can make the environment less favorable for sowbugs and pillbugs.
• Proper watering: Avoid overwatering your garden, as excessive moisture creates a favorable environment for sowbugs and pillbugs. Water your plants in the morning to allow the soil surface to dry during the day.
• Increase ventilation: Promote good airflow in your garden by spacing plants adequately and avoiding overcrowding. This helps to reduce moisture levels and create less favorable conditions for sowbugs and pillbugs.
• Barrier methods: Create physical barriers to prevent sowbugs and pillbugs from reaching your plants. Place copper tape or diatomaceous earth around plant stems or use collars made of plastic or cardboard to create a protective barrier.
• Remove hiding places: Regularly inspect your garden for potential hiding places such as rocks, boards, or excessive mulch. Remove these hiding spots to discourage sowbugs and pillbugs from congregating in your garden.
• Organic repellents: Apply organic repellents such as garlic sprays or neem oil to plants. These natural substances may help deter sowbugs and pillbugs from feeding on your plants.
• Natural predators: Encourage natural predators of sowbugs and pillbugs, such as ground beetles, centipedes, or certain birds, to inhabit your garden. Providing habitat, water sources, and suitable shelter can attract these beneficial creatures.

Mexican Bean Beetle:

The Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) is a pest that primarily affects bean plants, particularly those in the legume family. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Mexican bean beetles are small, oval-shaped beetles with a yellow or copper-colored body. They have 16 black spots on their wing covers, which can sometimes merge into irregular patterns. They are about 6-8 millimeters in length.

Plant Signs:

• Feeding damage: Mexican bean beetles feed on the leaves, flowers, and pods of bean plants. They create small, irregular holes or chew away the leaf tissue, leaving behind a skeletonized appearance. Severe infestations can result in defoliation and reduced plant vigor.
• Larval damage: The larvae of Mexican bean beetles are soft-bodied, spiky yellow grubs. They also feed on the undersides of leaves, leaving behind a slimy trail of excrement, known as frass. The presence of larvae and frass can be an indication of an infestation.

Favorite Plants:

• Snap beans
• Lima beans
• Soybeans
• Kidney beans
• Pole beans

How To Prevent:

• Plant-resistant varieties: Choose bean varieties that are resistant or less susceptible to Mexican bean beetle damage. Consult with local nurseries or agricultural extension services for recommendations.
• Timely planting: Plant beans early in the season to avoid peak Mexican bean beetle populations. Early-planted beans may mature before the beetles become a significant problem.
• Companion planting: Interplanting repellent plants can help deter Mexican bean beetles. Some examples of companion plants include marigolds, catnip, and tansy.
• Row covers: Use floating row covers or fine mesh netting to physically prevent Mexican bean beetles from accessing your bean plants. Install the covers at the time of planting and secure them tightly to prevent beetles from entering.
• Handpicking: Inspect your bean plants regularly and manually remove any Mexican bean beetles, larvae, or egg masses you find. Drop them into a bucket of soapy water to kill them.
• Natural enemies: Encourage natural enemies of Mexican bean beetles, such as ladybugs, lacewings, and parasitic wasps, to inhabit your garden. Provide suitable habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial insects.
• Organic insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use organic insecticides labeled for Mexican bean beetle control. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application and timing.

Potato Beetle:

The potato beetle, also known as the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), is a notorious pest that primarily affects potatoes but can also infest other plants in the nightshade family, such as tomatoes and eggplants.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Adult potato beetles are about 10 millimeters long and have a rounded, oval shape. They have a bright yellow or orange body with black stripes on their wing covers. The larvae are often referred to as “potato bugs” and have a plump, reddish-brown body with two rows of dark spots on their sides.

Plant Signs:

• Defoliation: Potato beetles feed on the leaves of potato plants, causing extensive defoliation. They chew irregular holes in the foliage, leaving a skeletonized appearance. Severe infestations can lead to complete defoliation, stunted growth, and reduced yield.
• Larval damage: The larvae of potato beetles can cause significant damage. They feed on the leaves, often starting from the undersides and working their way up. The larvae are voracious eaters and can quickly defoliate potato plants.
• Presence of eggs: Female potato beetles lay clusters of bright orange eggs on the undersides of leaves. These eggs are about 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) in size and are typically found in rows.

Favorite Plants:

• Potatoes
• Tomatoes
• Eggplants
• Peppers

How To Prevent:

• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting nightshade crops in the same location each year. Rotate them with non-host plants to help disrupt the life cycle of potato beetles and reduce the buildup of populations.
• Early planting: Plant potatoes early in the season to help minimize exposure to peak potato beetle populations. Early-planted potatoes may develop and mature before the beetles become a significant problem.
• Handpicking: Inspect your plants regularly and manually remove adult potato beetles, larvae, or egg masses you find. Drop them into a bucket of soapy water to kill them. Focus on removing eggs and larvae as they are the most destructive stage.
• Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch around potato plants to discourage potato beetles from laying eggs on the soil surface. Mulch can also help suppress weed growth and provide some insulation for the tubers.
• Natural enemies: Encourage natural enemies of potato beetles, such as ladybugs, ground beetles, and birds, to inhabit your garden. Provide habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial insects and birds.
• Insecticidal sprays: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use insecticides labeled for potato beetle control. Apply the insecticides according to the recommended timing and follow the instructions on the product label. Be mindful of potential impacts on beneficial insects and pollinators.
• Early detection and monitoring: Regularly inspect your potato plants for signs of potato beetle activity, such as adult beetles, larvae, or eggs. Early detection allows for prompt action and better control of infestations.

Flea Beetle:

Flea beetles are small, jumping beetles belonging to the Chrysomelidae family. They are named for their ability to jump like fleas when disturbed. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Flea beetles are small, usually measuring about 2-3 millimeters in length. They have a compact body shape with enlarged hind legs that enable them to jump. Flea beetles can vary in color, but most species are shiny and metallic, ranging from black to brown, bronze, or blue.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf damage: Flea beetles feed on the foliage of plants, particularly the leaves. They create small, rounded holes or pits in the leaves, giving them a “shot-hole” appearance. In severe infestations, the leaves may become skeletonized or have a lace-like appearance.
• Wilting or stunted growth: If flea beetle feeding is extensive, it can cause wilting or stunted growth of affected plants, especially young seedlings or transplants.
• Feeding scars: Flea beetles can leave distinctive feeding scars on the stems of plants, appearing as shallow, scaly depressions or lines.

Favorite Plants:

• Cruciferous vegetables: Crops like cabbage, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, radishes, and mustard greens are particularly attractive to flea beetles.
• Solanaceous plants: Plants in the nightshade family, including tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, and potatoes, can also be targeted by flea beetles.

How To Prevent:

• Floating row covers: Use floating row covers or fine mesh netting to physically exclude flea beetles from accessing your plants. Install the covers at the time of planting and secure them tightly to prevent beetles from entering.
• Early planting or transplanting: Plant susceptible crops early in the season or use transplants to get a head start before flea beetle populations increase.
• Remove crop debris: After harvesting, promptly remove and destroy plant debris from the garden, as it can harbor overwintering flea beetles and their eggs.
• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting susceptible crops in the same location each year. This helps disrupt the life cycle of flea beetles and reduces the risk of recurring infestations.
• Natural enemies: Encourage natural enemies of flea beetles, such as predatory beetles, parasitic wasps, and ground beetles, to inhabit your garden. Provide suitable habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial insects.
• Intercropping and companion planting: Interplanting susceptible crops with repellent plants or companion plants can help deter flea beetles. Examples of companion plants include marigolds, basil, and catnip.
• Organic insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use organic insecticides labeled for flea beetle control. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application and timing. Be mindful of potential impacts on beneficial insects and pollinators.

Cucumber Beetle:

Cucumber beetles are pests that can cause damage to various plants, particularly cucumbers, melons, squash, and other members of the Cucurbitaceae family.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: There are two main species of cucumber beetles: the striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum) and the spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata).
• Striped cucumber beetle: Adult striped cucumber beetles are about 6-8 millimeters long and have a yellow body with black stripes running lengthwise on their wing covers. They have black heads and antennae.
• Spotted cucumber beetle: Adult spotted cucumber beetles are similar in size to the striped cucumber beetles and have a yellowish-green body with twelve black spots on their wing covers.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf feeding damage: Cucumber beetles feed on the leaves of plants, creating small, round holes or pits in the foliage. They can cause significant damage, especially to young plants and seedlings.
• Flower and fruit damage: Cucumber beetles may also feed on flowers and developing fruits. Feeding on flowers can hinder pollination and fruit development, while feeding on fruits can lead to scars and deformations.
• Transmission of diseases: Cucumber beetles can transmit bacterial wilt and cucumber mosaic virus, which can have detrimental effects on plant health and yield.

Favorite Plants:

• Cucumbers
• Melons
• Squash
• Pumpkins
• Zucchini
• Gourds

How To Prevent:

• Row covers: Use floating row covers or fine mesh netting to physically exclude cucumber beetles from accessing your plants. Install the covers at the time of planting and secure them tightly to prevent beetles from entering. Remove the covers when plants need pollination.
• Timing of planting: Plant cucurbit crops later in the season, after the peak population of cucumber beetles has subsided. Delayed planting can help reduce beetle pressure.
• Companion planting: Interplanting repellent plants or companion plants can help deter cucumber beetles. Some examples include radishes, tansy, catnip, or marigolds.
• Reflective mulch: Place reflective mulch, such as aluminum foil or reflective plastic, around the base of plants. The reflective surface can deter cucumber beetles by disorienting them.
• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting cucurbit crops in the same location each year. This helps disrupt the life cycle of cucumber beetles and reduces the risk of recurring infestations.
• Natural enemies: Encourage natural enemies of cucumber beetles, such as predatory insects, parasitic wasps, or birds, to inhabit your garden. Provide suitable habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Organic insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use organic insecticides labeled for cucumber beetle control. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application and timing. Be mindful of potential impacts on beneficial insects and pollinators.

Armyworms:

Armyworms are the larvae of various species of moths in the family Noctuidae. They are named for their behavior of moving in large groups, resembling an army as they devour plants in their path. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Armyworms vary in color and size depending on the species and developmental stage. Generally, they have smooth bodies with distinct stripes along the sides. Young larvae are typically light green or brown, while older larvae can range from green to brown or black. They have a cylindrical shape with a soft body and several pairs of legs near the front segments.

Plant Signs:

• Defoliation: Armyworms feed on the leaves of plants, starting from the lower foliage and working their way upward. They consume leaf tissue, often leaving behind ragged edges and skeletonized leaves. Severe infestations can result in extensive defoliation and impact the overall health of the plant.
• Damage to fruit or stems: In addition to foliage, armyworms may feed on fruit or chew through stems, causing damage and reducing plant productivity.
• Presence of larvae: The presence of armyworm larvae can be observed on the plants themselves, typically congregating in large numbers and moving together in a line, resembling an “army.”

Favorite Plants:

• Grasses: Various species of armyworms, such as the fall armyworm and true armyworm, feed on grasses, including corn, wheat, rice, and other cereal crops.
• Vegetables: Armyworms can also target vegetable crops, such as tomatoes, peppers, cabbage, broccoli, and lettuce.
• Ornamental plants: Certain armyworm species may feed on ornamental plants, including roses, petunias, and hibiscus.

How To Prevent:

• Monitor and early detection: Regularly monitor your plants for signs of armyworm activity. Look for feeding damage, presence of larvae, or evidence of their droppings (frass). Early detection allows for timely intervention and better control.
• Cultural practices: Implement good cultural practices, such as proper plant spacing, weed control, and maintaining overall plant health. Healthy plants are more resilient and better able to withstand armyworm infestations.
• Natural enemies: Encourage natural enemies of armyworms, such as birds, parasitic wasps, predatory insects, and spiders, to inhabit your garden. Provide habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Manual removal: If armyworm populations are localized or manageable, you can manually remove the larvae by handpicking them off the plants and dropping them into a bucket of soapy water.
• Biological insecticides: Consider using biological insecticides, such as those containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which specifically target and control caterpillar pests like armyworms. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application.
• Chemical insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, chemical insecticides labeled for armyworm control can be used as a last resort. Follow the instructions on the product label and apply them according to recommended guidelines.
• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting susceptible crops in the same location each year. This helps disrupt the life cycle of armyworms and reduces the risk of recurring infestations.

Cabbage Looper:

The cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) is a common caterpillar pest that primarily feeds on plants in the Brassicaceae family, including cabbage, broccoli, kale, and other cruciferous vegetables.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Cabbage loopers are green caterpillars with slender, cylindrical bodies that can reach a length of about 2.5 centimeters. They have three pairs of true legs at the front and prolegs along their abdomen. When disturbed, they move in a looping or “inchworm” fashion, which gives them their name.

Plant Signs:

• Chewing damage: Cabbage loopers feed on the foliage of plants, chewing irregular holes or large sections of leaves. They may skeletonize leaves or create ragged edges. Severe infestations can lead to significant defoliation and impact the overall growth of the plant.
• Presence of larvae: Look for the presence of cabbage looper larvae on the plants themselves, typically on the undersides of leaves or curled within the leaf folds.

Favorite Plants:

• Cabbage
• Broccoli
• Kale
• Cauliflower
• Brussels sprouts
• Mustard greens

How To Prevent:

• Row covers: Use floating row covers or fine mesh netting to physically exclude cabbage loopers from accessing your plants. Install the covers at the time of planting and secure them tightly to prevent the adult moths from laying eggs on the plants.
• Handpicking: Inspect your plants regularly and manually remove any cabbage looper larvae you find. Drop them into a bucket of soapy water to kill them. Focus on removing larvae when they are still small to prevent extensive damage.
• Natural enemies: Encourage natural enemies of cabbage loopers, such as parasitic wasps, predatory insects, and birds, to inhabit your garden. Provide habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting Brassicaceae crops in the same location each year. This helps disrupt the life cycle of cabbage loopers and reduces the risk of recurring infestations.
• Interplanting and companion planting: Interplanting cabbage and related crops with repellent plants or companion plants can help deter cabbage loopers. Examples include planting aromatic herbs like thyme, oregano, or marigolds.
• Organic insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use organic insecticides labeled for caterpillar control, such as those containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application.
• Early planting or transplanting: Plant your Brassicaceae crops early in the season or use transplants to get a head start before cabbage looper populations increase.

Root Maggots:

Root maggots are the larvae of various fly species, including the cabbage maggot (Delia radicum) and onion maggot (Delia antiqua). These pests primarily target the roots of plants, causing damage to the underground portions.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Root maggots are small, legless, white, or yellowish larvae with a cylindrical shape. They have soft bodies and pointed heads. The size and appearance may vary depending on the species and stage of development.

Plant Signs:

• Wilting and stunted growth: Root maggots feed on the roots of plants, leading to reduced water and nutrient uptake. Affected plants may show signs of wilting, yellowing leaves, and overall stunted growth.
• Tunnels or galleries in roots: Root maggots create tunnels or galleries in the roots as they feed. These tunnels can weaken the root system and make plants more susceptible to disease and other stressors.
• Discolored or rotting roots: Infested roots may become discolored, mushy, or exhibit signs of rot. This damage can further compromise the health and vitality of the plant.

Favorite Plants:

• Brassicas: Cabbage maggots primarily target plants in the Brassicaceae family, such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, radishes, and turnips.
• Onions and garlic: Onion maggots are known to infest onions, garlic, and other Allium plants.

How To Prevent:

• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting susceptible crops in the same location each year. Rotate crops with non-host plants to help disrupt the life cycle of root maggots and reduce the risk of recurring infestations.
• Delayed planting or transplanting: Delay planting susceptible crops until after the peak population of root maggots has passed. This strategy can help reduce exposure to pests.
• Physical barriers: Use physical barriers, such as row covers or insect netting, to protect susceptible plants from egg-laying adult flies. Install the covers when planting and secure them tightly to prevent access.
• Floating row covers: For brassica crops, use floating row covers placed directly on the soil surface to create a physical barrier and prevent adult flies from laying eggs near the plants.
• Trap crops: Plant trap crops, such as radishes or turnips, away from the main crop. These crops attract root maggot adults, luring them away from the desired plants.
• Mulching: Apply a layer of organic mulch around the base of plants to deter egg-laying flies and protect the soil. Mulch can also help regulate soil moisture and temperature.
• Biological control: Consider using biological methods, such as beneficial nematodes or parasitic wasps specific to root maggot control. These natural enemies can help reduce root maggot populations.
• Chemical control: If infestations become severe or other methods are ineffective, chemical insecticides labeled for root maggot control can be used as a last resort. Follow the instructions on the product label and apply them according to recommended guidelines.

Psyllid:

Psyllids are small, sap-sucking insects belonging to the family Psyllidae. They are commonly found on various plants and can cause damage through their feeding activity. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Psyllids are small insects, usually measuring around 3-6 millimeters in length. They have a distinct, triangular shape when viewed from the side. Psyllids have clear wings, although some species may be wingless. Their coloration can vary, ranging from green or brown to yellow or black, depending on the species.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf distortion: Psyllids can cause leaf distortion or curling due to their feeding. Affected leaves may become misshapen or have abnormal growth patterns.
• Stunted growth: Severe psyllid infestations can lead to stunted growth in plants, especially for young or newly established plants.
• Honeydew and sooty mold: Psyllids excrete a sticky, sugary substance called honeydew, which can accumulate on leaves and stems. This honeydew can attract sooty mold, a black fungus that grows on the sticky residue and can further affect plant health.
• Nymphs or eggs: Look for the presence of psyllid nymphs or eggs on the undersides of leaves. Nymphs resemble smaller versions of the adults but may lack wings or have a different coloration.

Favorite Plants:

• Citrus trees: Psyllids, such as the Asian citrus psyllid, are particularly known for infesting citrus trees, including oranges, lemons, and grapefruits.
• Solanaceous plants: Some psyllids target solanaceous plants, including tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, and potatoes.
• Ornamental plants: Psyllids can also infest various ornamental plants, such as boxwood, eucalyptus, and ficus.

How To Prevent:

• Monitor and early detection: Regularly inspect your plants for signs of psyllid activity, such as distorted leaves, honeydew, or the presence of nymphs or eggs. Early detection allows for timely intervention and better control.
• Remove affected plant material: If you notice signs of psyllid infestation, promptly remove and destroy affected plant material, including heavily infested leaves or stems, to prevent further spread.
• Physical barriers: Use fine mesh netting or floating row covers to physically exclude psyllids from accessing your plants. Install the covers when planting and secure them tightly to prevent psyllids from reaching the plants.
• Beneficial insects: Encourage natural enemies of psyllids, such as ladybugs, lacewings, parasitic wasps, or predatory insects, to inhabit your garden. Provide habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Neem oil or insecticidal soaps: Apply neem oil or insecticidal soaps labeled for psyllid control. These products can help suffocate and control psyllids when applied according to the instructions on the product label.
• Pruning and sanitation: Regularly prune your plants to remove affected or infested parts. Proper sanitation practices, such as removing fallen leaves or debris, can help reduce psyllid populations.
• Chemical control: If infestations become severe or other methods are ineffective, chemical insecticides labeled for psyllid control can be used as a last resort. Follow the instructions on the product label and apply them according to recommended guidelines.

Snail:

Snails are mollusks belonging to the class Gastropoda. They have a soft body protected by a spiral shell. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Snails have a soft, slimy body that is usually grayish or brownish in color. They possess a coiled shell on their back that provides protection. The size, shape, and coloration of the shell can vary depending on the species and age of the snail.

Plant Signs:

• Chewing damage: Snails feed on various parts of plants, including leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. They leave behind irregular chew marks or holes in the plant tissue. The feeding damage may appear moist and have a slimy trail the snails leave.
• Seedling destruction: Snails are particularly fond of tender young seedlings. They can quickly devour seedlings or newly emerged shoots, resulting in complete destruction.
• Plant injury at ground level: Snails are mainly active at night or during periods of high humidity. They leave behind a trail of slime as they crawl along the ground, which can be an indication of their presence.

Favorite Plants:

• Leafy greens: Snails enjoy feeding on leafy greens like lettuce, spinach, and chard.
• Herbaceous plants: Snails can damage herbaceous plants like hostas, marigolds, impatiens, and petunias.
• Seedlings: Snails have a particular affinity for young and tender seedlings of various plants.

How To Prevent:

• Manual removal: Regularly inspect your garden, particularly during early morning or evening hours, and manually remove snails. Handpick them and relocate them to a different location away from your plants.
• Encourage natural predators: Attract natural predators of snails to your garden, such as birds, frogs, toads, and some reptiles. Provide habitat, water sources, and shelter to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Barriers: Create physical barriers around susceptible plants to prevent snails from reaching them. Use copper tape or other materials that snails dislike, creating an obstacle they won’t cross.
• Beer traps: Set up beer traps by burying containers (such as empty yogurt cups) in the ground and filling them with beer. The smell attracts snails, and they will crawl into the traps and drown. Empty and refill the traps regularly.
• Copper barriers: Place copper strips or tapes around pots or raised beds to repel snails. The copper reacts with their slime, creating a discomfort that deters them from crossing.
• Mulch management: Keep garden areas free of excessive mulch or leaf litter, as these provide hiding places for snails. Maintaining a clean and dry environment can discourage their presence.
• Natural repellents: Some natural repellents, such as crushed eggshells, diatomaceous earth, or coffee grounds, can create abrasive or acidic barriers that snails avoid. Apply them in a band around plants or directly on the soil surface.
• Snail baits: Consider using snail baits or pellets labeled for snail control. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application and be cautious about their use in areas frequented by pets or wildlife.

Squash Bug:

Squash bugs (Anasa tristis) are common pests that target plants in the Cucurbitaceae family, including squash, pumpkins, zucchini, and cucumbers. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Squash bugs are flat, shield-shaped insects measuring around 1.5 centimeters in length. They have dark brown or grayish bodies with orange or yellow stripes on their wings. Nymphs, younger squash bugs, are smaller and lack fully developed wings.

Plant Signs:

• Leaf damage: Squash bugs primarily feed on the leaves of plants. They puncture the leaf tissue and suck out the sap, resulting in wilting, browning, or yellowing of the leaves. The damage may start as small spots or lesions and progress to larger leaf areas.
• Egg clusters: Squash bugs lay clusters of bronze-colored eggs on the undersides of leaves, typically in a V-shape pattern. The eggs are small and can be found in neat rows.
• Presence of nymphs: Look for the presence of squash bug nymphs on the undersides of leaves. They are smaller, have a greenish or grayish color, and lack fully developed wings.

Favorite Plants:

• Squash (including summer and winter varieties)
• Pumpkins
• Zucchini
• Cucumbers
• Melons

How To Prevent:

• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting susceptible crops in the same location each year. Rotate with non-host plants to disrupt the life cycle of squash bugs and reduce the risk of recurring infestations.
• Early planting or transplanting: Plant your cucurbit crops early in the season or use transplants to get a head start before squash bug populations increase.
• Removal of debris: After harvesting, promptly remove and destroy plant debris from the garden, as it can serve as overwintering sites for squash bugs and their eggs.
• Physical barriers: Use floating row covers or fine mesh netting to physically exclude squash bugs from accessing your plants. Install the covers at the time of planting and secure them tightly to prevent squash bugs from reaching the plants.
• Handpicking: Regularly inspect your plants and manually remove squash bugs, nymphs, or egg clusters you find. Drop them into a container of soapy water to kill them.
• Beneficial insects: Encourage natural enemies of squash bugs, such as predatory insects, birds, or parasitic wasps, to inhabit your garden. Provide suitable habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Organic insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods haven’t been effective, you can use organic insecticides labeled for squash bug control. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application and timing. Be mindful of potential impacts on beneficial insects and pollinators.
• Monitoring: Regularly monitor your plants for signs of squash bug activity, including eggs, nymphs, or feeding damage. Early detection allows for prompt action and better control of infestations.

Sowbug:

Sowbugs, also known as woodlice or pillbugs, are small crustaceans that belong to the order Isopoda. While they are not insects, they can occasionally feed on plants and become pests in certain situations. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Sowbugs have oval-shaped bodies with a hard exoskeleton. They are usually gray or brown in color and have seven pairs of legs. Sowbugs have a segmented body with overlapping plates, giving them a segmented appearance. They also have two pairs of antennae.

Plant Signs:

• Feeding damage: Sowbugs primarily feed on decaying organic matter, but they can occasionally feed on tender plant tissue. They may chew on leaves, stems, or fruits, leaving irregular holes or notches in the affected plant parts.
• Presence of sowbugs: Look for the presence of sowbugs in the garden or around plant beds. Sowbugs are typically found in moist environments, such as under mulch, debris, or rocks.

Favorite Plants:

• Sowbugs are generally opportunistic feeders and are not highly selective about the plants they consume. However, they are more commonly found feeding on decaying organic matter rather than healthy plants. If they do feed on plants, they may target seedlings or softer tissues.

How To Prevent:

• Reduce moisture: Sowbugs thrive in moist environments, so reducing excessive moisture in the garden can help discourage their presence. Avoid overwatering and ensure proper drainage. Also, remove standing water sources or address any drainage issues.
• Clear debris: Remove any decaying organic matter, such as fallen leaves, plant debris, or mulch buildup, from the garden. This reduces the food source and hiding places for sowbugs.
• Barrier methods: Create physical barriers around susceptible plants to prevent sowbugs from reaching them. Use diatomaceous earth or other abrasive materials around the plant base as a deterrent.
• Remove hiding places: Eliminate hiding places for sowbugs by clearing out rocks, boards, or other debris they may use as shelter. Keeping the garden area clean and tidy reduces potential habitats for sowbugs.
• Organic repellents: Some natural repellents, such as wood ash, crushed eggshells, or coffee grounds, can deter sowbugs. Apply them in a band around plants or directly on the soil surface.
• Beneficial predators: Encourage natural predators of sowbugs, such as ground beetles, centipedes, or birds, to inhabit your garden. Provide suitable habitats, water sources, and shelter to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Trapping: Set up moist traps to capture sowbugs. Place boards, damp cardboard, or rolled-up newspaper in the garden overnight. In the morning, check the traps, and collect and remove the captured sowbugs.
• Chemical control: If sowbug populations become overwhelming and other methods are ineffective, chemical control may be considered. Insecticides labeled for sowbug control can be used according to the instructions on the product label. However, chemical control is usually unnecessary unless sowbug populations are causing significant damage.

Cutworm:

Cutworms are the larvae of various species of nocturnal moths, including the Agrotis and Peridroma genera. They are commonly found in gardens and agricultural fields, where they can cause damage to a variety of plants.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Cutworms vary in appearance depending on the species and developmental stage. Generally, they are smooth, cylindrical caterpillars with a fleshy body. They can range in color from brown or gray to green or black. Cutworms are typically 2.5 to 5 centimeters long.

Plant Signs:

• Cut or severed stems: Cutworms get their name from their feeding behavior of cutting or severing the stems of plants near ground level. This results in the plant wilting or collapsing. The cut stems may appear ragged or chewed.
• Damage to young plants: Cutworms particularly damage young seedlings and transplants. They feed on the tender stems of newly emerged plants, causing severe damage or complete destruction.
• Burrowed into the soil: During the day, cutworms burrow near affected plants to hide and rest. Their presence can be detected by finding them curled up in the soil or digging around the damaged plants.

Favorite Plants:

• Vegetable seedlings: Cutworms are known to feed on various vegetable seedlings, including tomatoes, peppers, cabbage, broccoli, lettuce, and beans.
• Garden herbs: They may also attack herbs like basil, parsley, and cilantro.

How To Prevent:

• Collars or barriers: Create physical barriers around young plants to protect them from cutworms. Use cardboard collars, toilet paper rolls, or plastic cups with the bottom removed. Place them around the base of each plant, pushing them slightly into the soil to provide a barrier.
• Timing of planting: Plant susceptible crops later in the season when cutworm populations are declining. By avoiding peak cutworm activity, you can reduce the risk of severe damage.
• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting susceptible crops in the same location each year. This disrupts the life cycle of cutworms and reduces the likelihood of re-infestation.
• Beneficial insects: Attract natural enemies of cutworms, such as ground beetles, birds, or parasitic wasps, to your garden. Provide habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Handpicking: Inspect your plants in the evening or early morning when cutworms are active. Handpick and remove the cutworms from affected plants. Drop them into a container of soapy water to kill them.
• Biological controls: Consider using biological controls, such as Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bt), a microbial insecticide specific to caterpillar pests. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application and timing.
• Natural repellents: Some natural repellents, such as diatomaceous earth or crushed eggshells, can create abrasive barriers that deter cutworms from reaching plants. Apply them in a band around the base of plants.
• Chemical control: If infestations become severe or other methods are ineffective, chemical insecticides labeled for cutworm control can be used as a last resort. Follow the instructions on the product label and apply them according to recommended guidelines.

Grub:

Grubs are the larvae of various beetle species, including June beetles, Japanese beetles, and European chafer beetles. They are white, C-shaped, and have soft bodies with six legs near their head. 

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Grubs have creamy white bodies with a distinct C-shaped appearance. They have a soft texture and are typically around 2.5 to 5 centimeters in length, depending on the beetle species.

Plant Signs:

• Damaged or dying grass: Grubs primarily feed on the roots of grass, causing the affected turf to become brown, wilted, or easily uprooted. Infested areas may have patches of dead or dying grass.
• Presence of grubs: To check for grubs, lift a section of damaged turf and look for white, C-shaped larvae curled up in the soil near the root zone.

Favorite Plants:

• Lawn grasses: Grubs commonly infest turfgrass species, such as Kentucky bluegrass, Bermuda grass, and ryegrass.
• Ornamental plants: Some species of grubs can also cause damage to the roots of ornamental plants, including shrubs, trees, and flower beds.

How To Prevent:

• Healthy lawn maintenance: Maintain a healthy lawn by following proper lawn care practices, including regular mowing, appropriate watering, and fertilization. A healthy lawn is more resilient and can better withstand grub infestations.
• Regular monitoring: Regularly inspect your lawn for signs of grub damage, such as brown patches or areas of thinning grass. Lift sections of damaged turf to check for the presence of grubs.
• Cultural practices: Implement cultural practices that discourage grub infestations. These include proper watering to avoid overwatering, avoiding excessive thatch buildup, and aerating the soil to improve drainage.
• Beneficial nematodes: Consider using beneficial nematodes, such as Steinernema spp., as a biological control for grubs. These microscopic organisms parasitize and kill grubs in the soil. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application and timing.
• Biological controls: Encourage natural predators of grubs, such as birds, skunks, raccoons, and certain beetles, to inhabit your lawn. Provide habitat, water sources, and shelter to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Chemical control: If grub populations reach damaging levels and other methods are ineffective, chemical insecticides labeled for grub control can be used. Apply them according to the instructions on the product label, considering environmental and safety factors.
• Fall treatment: Consider applying a preventive insecticide treatment in the late summer or early fall, targeting when grubs are small and more susceptible to control. This can help prevent future infestations.

Harlequin Bug:

Harlequin bugs (Murgantia histrionica) are true bugs belonging to the family Pentatomidae. They are known for their distinctive black and red or orange coloration and are common pests of plants in the Brassicaceae family, including cabbage, kale, broccoli, and other cruciferous vegetables.

What They Look Like:

• Appearance: Harlequin bugs are small, shield-shaped insects measuring about 1.3 centimeters in length. They have black bodies with bright red, orange, or yellow markings arranged in distinct patterns. The markings resemble a harlequin costume, hence their name.

Plant Signs:

• Feeding damage: Harlequin bugs pierce plant tissues with their sucking mouthparts and feed on the sap. The feeding damage appears as small, yellow or white spots on the leaves, which can progress to larger discolored areas. Severe infestations can cause wilting, stunted growth, or plant death.
• Egg clusters: Female harlequin bugs lay clusters of barrel-shaped, light yellow or greenish eggs on the undersides of leaves. The eggs are typically laid in rows or clusters and can be easily visible.

Favorite Plants:

• Cabbage
• Kale
• Broccoli
• Cauliflower
• Brussels sprouts
• Mustard greens

How To Prevent:

• Crop rotation: Practice crop rotation by not planting susceptible crops in the same location each year. Rotate with non-host plants to disrupt the life cycle of harlequin bugs and reduce the risk of recurring infestations.
• Physical barriers: Use floating row covers or fine mesh netting to physically exclude harlequin bugs from accessing your plants. Install the covers when planting and secure them tightly to prevent adult bugs from laying eggs on the plants.
• Handpicking: Inspect your plants regularly and manually remove any visible harlequin bugs or egg clusters you find. Drop them into a container of soapy water to kill them. Focus on removing them early in the infestation to prevent population buildup.
• Beneficial insects: Encourage natural enemies of harlequin bugs, such as ladybugs, lacewings, parasitic wasps, or predatory insects, to inhabit your garden. Provide habitat, water sources, and flowering plants to attract these beneficial creatures.
• Organic insecticides: If infestations become severe or other methods are ineffective, you can use organic insecticides labeled for harlequin bug control, such as insecticidal soap or neem oil. Follow the instructions on the product label for proper application.
• Remove plant debris: Clean up and remove any plant debris or overwintering sites near your garden. Harlequin bugs can overwinter in plant debris, so removing it reduces their population.
• Cultural practices: Maintain a healthy garden by providing proper nutrition, watering, and optimal growing conditions for your plants. Healthy plants are more resistant to pest damage.